Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

The SNS has multiple pathways synapsing on an intermediate gangiolonic plexus and terminating at the target organs.  The SNS mobilizes the organism for emergency situations and is responsible for the basis Cannon’s (1929) “fight or flight” response.  Although many modern stressors stem from social interactions and self-perceptions, the SNS is still activated when faced with these stressors.  Although not as obvious as in the past, subtle SNS activation is still postulated as being involved in many disorders.  The SNS is insufficient in explaining many stress complaints and attention has been focused on the PNS to create a more comprehensive understanding.  The PNS has been conceptualized as the “brakes” on the autonomic nervous system (ANS).  The PNS is thought to control the ANS in everyday human interactions.  The vagal social engagement system involves mylenated vagal fibers originating in the nucleus ambiguous of the brainstem that control facial expression, vocalization, and listening.  The stress responses if thought of as a vagal withdrawal phenomenon in this context.

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